Dependency Theory and Colonial Heritage Essay

Many have tried to draw upon the legacy of the colonial system to apologise the motives for under increment in galore(postnominal) beas of the universe of discourse. Most aras that suffer from need today ar cause colonies the veritable nations, for the more or less part, ar former metropoles. The colonizers exploited their underlings in colonies, r show upine them into suppliers of cheap raw materials and correspondencericting the infrastructure construction, departure former colonies with only basic facilities. In many cases, when the colonizers departed, the nations were left with artificial boundaries that separated them from each otherwise with kayoed regard for their historical emergence. This fuelled subsequent separatism and soldiers conflicts, hampering economical progress. Thus, if one looks at straight-line boundaries in Africa which we ar now learning in DS 202, it becomes demonstrable that those were artificially created.The colonizers, in particular the British Empire, were suppressing the industrial phylogenesis in their colonies because they viewed them as sources of cheap imports and at the same time cock-a-hoop markets for their industrial goods. An cause of north-eastern Brazil that often surfaces in literature on underdevelopment, (Taylor 2001) claims that north eastern Brazil in the nineteenth century would have appe atomic number 18d to be an creative thinkerl stake for a cloth manufacture with its high flavour cotton and existing demand for incision bags material and slave clothing. However, to develop the textile industry, it would take age during which the industry should have been shielded from foreign rival with import tariffs and quotas. This was surely non something Britain would allow in its colony. As a result, the fledgling Brazilian textile enterp maturates proved unable to withstand the competition with Britains textile industry. Britain, identical almost any metropole, was arouse in selling to the colony, non developing industry inside it. As of 1822, when Brazil received liberty, it was a larger export market for Britain than all the bide of Latin America combined (Taylor, 2001).Naturally, level as Brazil proclaimed independence, Britain did not want to abide this lucrative market and demanded a trade agreement with Britain which prohibited import substitution tariffs (Taylor, 2001). Brazil was force into this treaty by its political weakness. In this way, former metropolitan advocates keep control of their former colonies to variable fulfilments, foiling their in effect(p) development. In newly supreme nations of Latin America, for instance, the warf ar thatoften preceded proclamation of independence devastated regional and national economies (Kinsbruner 1994 pg 126). Although this perspective is not universally recognised, the IMF and the World Bank for imposing policies said to offend one- third base valet de chambre countries. The stated goals of b oth institutions be certainly to spearhead economic growth in nations they service with their financial programs. Critics , however , point out that loans from the World Bank and the IMF often come with conditions that block the road to sustainable development and make poverty even worse .The Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) oblige by the IMF as a prerequisite for notch for its loans often aggravate the deplorable condition of the third human being nation. Thus, SAPs often call for reduction in government expenditures for wellness, education and other government run for the sake of debt repayment. In this way, third creative activity nations argon dragged into the quagmire of debt repayment, as their interest provides income for Wall route banks and other financial institutions. IMF policies urge third world countries to add their exports of raw materials and agricultural products in to handle with debt an immediate concern. This, however, reduces the amount of food available to the shortsighted inside the country and can chairman to starvation second, does not create conditions for building processing industries that go forth increase value added inside the country. Besides, the IMF often demands for swelled market reforms that involve privatisation that, without proper preparation and military rating of potential consequences, can break down to loss of jobs, annoying of the social built in bed and civil unrest.Such measures lead to social discontent that can hamper the development of economies in developing countries. With respect to unhealthful policies compel by the fund, Amin notes that the key to development is subordination of removed relations to the logic of internal development and not the reverse as it is happening when development policies atomic number 18 imposed by outside financial institutions (Amin, 1995 pg 10). The harmful role of the World Bank and the IMF in the development of poor nations is by no means indisput able. However, there are many criticisms aimed at the policies that accompany loans and the genuinely idea of reaping interest income off the populations of the nations where starvation is a widely spread phenomenon. Political Aspects. Many regions of the world that demonstrate marked third world are characterised by overt concentration of power in the hands of arich minority that uses this power to oppress the majority.For example, the North-eastern areas of Brazil that rely on sugar production as the primary source of income are seriously underdeveloped as compared to the rest of the nation. The piazza patterns in this region are the history of the ascendant class manipulating social, political, and economic institutions so as to strip the maximum possible surplus from the rural workers (Taylor, 1978 pg 57). The economic interests of the land- makeing class lay in extracting as oftentimes as possible from their plantations and workers as opposed to investment funds in the ar ea. The result is miserable since an area that specialises in agricultural production cannot even feed its own citizens and has to import most of its agricultural produce from the rest of the nation. With a stagnant economic mooring, the north-eastern Brazil has suffered from health education, and literacy standards that ended in a peasant gross out in the 1960s (Taylor, 1978 pg 157) regional Inequalities. Many travellers to nations like China, India or the Caribbean are immediately impressed by the contrast between squalor of provincial areas and the unpatterned luxury of large cities and some advanced areas.Regional inequalities contribute to underdevelopment, creating a situation when some areas are on their way toward contemporaryisation, while others are agonistic into the backseat of social and economic progress. The importance of regional inequalities as source of underdevelopment is explored, for instance, in Andre Gunder Frank s 1989 return The Development of Underdev elopment (Frank 1989) challenges the view that third world nations are still going through the stages that more developed countries are done with. Instead, he asserts that problems of underdeveloped areas are the inevitable result of the ceilingist system. The same, in his mind, is dependable of the regional disparities observed in the third world countries where the capital and larger cities often stand out as oases of advancement among the generally gloomy adorn around. The underdevelopment phenomena in the province are the products of the historical development of the capitalist system no less than are the seemingly more modern or capitalist features of the national metropoles of the third world countries Frank (1989, pg 37). schooling and Training.A well-trained and educated workforce is the necessary specification for successful economic development. The presence of a large educated population contributes to Indias current rise as an outsourcing destination, althoughit ha s so far failed to ensure boilers suit prosperity in this nation. This problem, for instance, is addressed in Canadian programs targeting development of Aboriginal areas. The Indian entrepreneurship has to be back up with knowledgeable workforce that will attract capital flows to the areas. Although the fact that aboriginal Americans missed the industrial transformation has its upside, as there is no need for re-training, consolidation of these people into the complex web of the global sparing is a serious challenge (Kendall , 2001).Similar problems are experienced by many third world countries only in their case unlike the situation of Aboriginal populations in Canada, there is no salubrious nation to back them up in the efforts to increase their education. Cultural Factors. Culture, to some degree, can also adversely impact development or contribute to it. The modern world is patterned to a great extent after the Western cultures of the nations that have a prevalent role in this world. Those that do not capable into these patterns will not achieve success as their development would ideally proceed along diametric lines. An example can be the case of Africa and Native Americans in Canada.Although living in a extremely developed and prosperous nation, Native Americans, South Africa and even Zimbabwe, the Aboriginals fail to attain economic well-being. One reason that precludes their success is supposed to be their culture that envisages incarnate ownership and sharing of resources, as opposed to the idea of individual secluded rights that characterizes Western culture Kendall, (2001 pg 43). industrial technology best develops in conditions that favour private ownership however, for these countries, it often means they have to relinquish their cultural values which in most cases is not the case.CONCLUSIONThe difficulties of modernising and developing third world countries are multiple. More often than not different factors of third world countrie s will be present in areas affected by this problem, intertwined and perpetuating each other. Thus, the political situation marked by elite domination perpetuates economic inequalities that in their turn cause inadequacy of educational facilities and ensuing lack of local qualified specialists. pretermit of medical services can lead to absence seizure of effective family planning measures that in their turn lead to overpopulation and then to poverty as the national gross domestic product struggles to catch up with economic growth.Therefore, addressing a sight of problems rather than separate issues is the cornerstone for building an effective development program.