Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Realism and Hans Morgenthau in International Relations Essay

Realism and Hans Morgenthau in International Relations - Essay Example The former is most likely the case to occur when changes have occurred in the society structure as to require the reconstruction of the political constitution. Construction of solid political institutions requires the involvement of realism which must draw a clear line between wishful thinking and truth. Political realism2,3 is a study and practise of politics that contends that all nations are guided by their personal interests which are claimed to be their benefit and are disguised as moral concerns. A rational theory which clearly states what are these rational concerns that imprint a nation's need is necessary and requires thinking of the actual needs of a nation rather than what such a nation would like to see achieved. Such objectives of a nation follow a generic model that may apply for thousands of years and the same "moral" concerns that fall under the disguise of personal interest have found applicability since the ancient times. These fall under the territorial security of a nation primarily which once it has been secured the nation might contend the territory expansion for the establishment of a nation's security. Other than territorial expansion purpose of the personal interests a nation might pursue and disguise under morality is the accumulation of power. One however, should not see such claim... Even though international politics call for a clear distinction between personal concern and preservation of one's identity it may not always be the case that such distinction is probable. Morgenthau performs a system level analysis of political realism; he identifies the dependent and independent variables of the system, how these operate within the system and the effects they have on the system functionality. In this case the dependant variable is the foreign policy that states need to follow taking into consideration properties of the problem at hand, alternative solutions and the impact these may have on the involved parties. The independent variables are the drive of the initiative taking party that may be hidden under the disguise of state, or country, rights preservation or moral principles. The question here is what are the rights a country is entitled to as to take any kind of initiative on foreign policy as to proceed to battle and to what extend is one entitled to take any kind of initiative based on these rights or moral conflicts. The danger-action relation is perpetual circular; once danger is identified action is taken and such action breeds changes that keep the danger hint alive. The point here is the criteria to set as to separate rational from irrational behavior; who is to make such distinctions free of bias and finally what behaviour makes moral or amoral perception as to justify any kind of foreign policy initiative with the side-effects that might have. For danger to initiate action and the other way around the one does not necessary call for the other; just a hint is adequate basis for anyone to claim that certain clues call for immediate action. The author claims

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Culture& work in the modern world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture& work in the modern world - Essay Example In the book The Lonely Londoners by Samuel Selvon, a story of West Indian migrants is told where the issues of acculturation are explored. Coming to London is seen as a move towards opportunity. One of the people in the book, Moses, holds a transitional role for the other from his culture. He helps migrants from West India as they try to learn how to function within their new environment. Selvon states â€Å"And so like a welfare officer, Moses scattered the boys around London† (25). The purpose of spreading them throughout the city was so that acculturation could be better achieved and so they would not congregate in such a way as to create an ethno-centric population that could cause problems in relationships between the many cultures that are in London. Moses has described this world of London for its varieties of cultures as it â€Å"divide up in little worlds, and you stay in the world where you belong to and you don't know anything about what happening in the other ones except what you read in the papers† (Selvon 60). ... Through the opportunities that exist in a large city within a successful, Western country, an attraction occurs to those who live in places that do not have the same level of opportunity. After World War II, the colonized nations under British rule who had sent men to fight the war found an opportunity waiting for them at the end of the service as they discovered that Britain considered the people to be citizens of their society, thus allowing them to freely move to London, if that is what they wished. Jamaica, a country that has seen a great deal of hardship, found that many of her citizens were willing to move to England to take advantage of whatever opportunities they could find there. The novel, Small Island by Andrea Levy follows the lives of four people as they navigate issues of multi-ethnic acculturation during the aftermath of World War II. The nature of a city in which the many different culture collide, changing one another and developing something new in each incarnation is explored through the tales of four people who intersect during that time period. Queenie, a character from the book by Levy, begins the story with a tale from her childhood. She states â€Å"I thought I’d been to Africa† (Levy 1). This story that she relates as it reveals an episode in her life where there had been an exhibition within Britain that provided for the recreation of the countries of the world so that as you turned each corner you felt you were experiencing another culture. She thought she had actually been to Africa, the nature of the culture impacting her in such a way as she read it as a state of existence rather than as a geographic place. This understanding of how a culture is not a geographic location